I think of these as techniques used to distract from critical thinking and disrupt attempts at truth seeking. Such techniques are used by disinformation artists everywhere--most damaging are those in government and mainstream media.
In order to combat disinformation, we have to remind people again and again of the basic tricks. While the information in this links might be old-hat to you, many Internet surfers haven't seen this information before.
Indeed, psychologists and sociologists say that people won't even look at something unless they've seen it a number of times ... and even if they look at it, they won't learn it or understand it until they've been exposed to it again and again.